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Previous research has cast doubt on the potential for marine protected areas (MPAs) to provide refuge and fishery spillover benefits for migratory species as most MPAs are small relative to the geographic range of these species.

Climate risks are increasing as global warming accelerates. Strong mitigation and adaptation are both key to avoiding hard adaptations limits.

In all countries, economic growth comes with the loss of natural capital, our ultimate sources of wealth. Therefore, the challenge is combining growth with preserving our ecosystem to secure more prosperous Asia and the Pacific.

Mangrove forests store high amounts of carbon, protect communities from storms and support fisheries. Mangroves exist in complex social-ecological systems hence identifying socioeconomic conditions associated with decreasing losses and increasing gains remains challenging albeit important.

The 2020 global spatial targets for protected areas set by the Convention on Biological Diversity have almost been achieved, but management e3ffectiveness remains deficient.

Marine coastal ecosystems (MCEs) provide a myraid of services on which governments, businesses and society depend. MCESs include coral reefs, mangroves, seagrass, oyster beds and reeds, salt marshes and sandy beaches and dunes.

Building resilience to climate change. Healthy mangroves ecosystems are critical for global climate action - playing a key role in carbon storage and in building resilience to a rapidly warning world. Mangroves stabilize coastlines, reduce erosion, foster biodiversity growth and protect coastal communities by building their adaptive capacity and making then more resilient to the impacts of climate change.

Tens of thousands of chemicals exist in commercial products and processes many of which have hazardous properties. Risk reduction measure aim to protect human health and the environment from the adverse effects of these hazardous chemicals.

Underpinning all statistics and analyses is the Asia Development Bank's Miltiregional Input-Output database which contains national and bilateral flows for 62 national economies.

The report demonstrated the need for updated approached to aid for trade in the region to support effective participation in such agreement, undertake reforms and promote access to digitalisation in ways that promote inclusive development and deliver the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable development.