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Streams and rivers on islands are considerably different to continental systems in that oceanic island systems are often subject to recurrent flash flooding and many fauna in continental systems are only distantly related to island fauna, rarely having an obligate marine larval phase of their life cycles. Several methods used in surveying continental systems are therefore only of limited applicability in island systems. The field procedures described herein are loosely adapted from those described in Parham, 2005 and Fitzsimons et. al., 2007 and refined from the field experiences of the author. These methods are designed to provide the most comprehensive documentation of fishes present in a variety of stream and river habitats in tropical oceanic island ecosystems while also providing an accurate snapshot of the habitable space. In our study for the Fiji Ecosystem Based Management (EBM) project we used fishes, particularly gobioid (Families Gobiidae & Eleotridae) as primary indicators of environmental quality as fishes are taxonomically most well studied and most observable inhabitants of these systems, represent critical components of the food web from primary consumers (herbivores) to predators and because of their recognized value as a food source for inland communities

This issues paper reviews the context and challenges to environmental mainstreaming (EM), discusses what it takes to achieve effective EM, and provides a roadmap for selecting operational EM methods and tools. Each chapter is introduced by a box summarising its scope. Supporting materials and profiles of key tools are available at www.environmental-mainstreaming.org. Chapter 1 explains why EM is needed, and considers what it means, and who should be concerned. The economy and society are intimately dependent upon the health of the environment. Environmental assets (e.g. fertile soils, clean water, biomass and biodiversity) yield income, offer safety nets for the poor, maintain public health, and drive economic growth. But conversely, environmental hazards (e.g. pollution, environmental damage, and climate change) all threaten livelihoods and development. Poor people are especially dependent on environmental assets and are vulnerable to hazards. But environmental and developmental institutions and decisions tend to be separate, which results in environment being viewed as a set of problems rather than potentials

The Focus of this policy is to mitigate climate change especially at the international level, and adaption at the national, state and community levels to reduce the FSM's vulnerability to climate change adverse impacts. In this context, FSM reaffirms its social and cultural identity and its people's rights and desire to continue to live sustainably on their islands

FAME (SPC Division of Fisheries, Aquaculture and Marine Ecosystems) main's work is to provide the 22 SPC's member countries and territories with the information they need to make informed decisions on the management and development of their aquatic resources, and help to provide the tools and strengthen the capacity needed to implement these decisions.

This report focuses on the management of natural coastal carbon sinks. The produc? on of the report has been s? mulated by an apparent lack of recogni? on and focus on coastal marine ecosystems to complement ac? vi? es already well advanced on land to address the best prac? ce management of carbon sinks. The produc? on of this report is ? mely as a number of Governments are now introducing legisla? on to tackle climate change. In the UK, for example, the Climate Change Act sets out a statutory responsibility to quan- ? fy natural carbon sink as part of the overall carbon accoun? ng process. It is important that such quan?? - ca? ons and processes work with the latest science and evidence

The National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 requires federal agencies to examine the environmental effects of their proposed actions. On behalf of the Department of Defense, the Department of the Navy is preparing this Draft EIS/OEIS to assess the potential environmental effects associated with the proposed military activities. The Navy is the lead agency for preparation of this Draft EIS/OEIS. The Office of the Secretary of Defense directed the Navy to establish a Joint Guam Program Office that serves as the NEPA proponent of the proposed actions. A number of federal agencies were invited to be cooperating agencies in the preparation of this Draft EIS/OEIS. These agencies have either jurisdiction or technical expertise for certain components of the proposed actions or a potentially affected resource. The agencies that have accepted the invitation to participate as cooperating agencies are United States (U.S.) Fish and Wildlife Service, Department of Transportation Federal Highways Administration, Federal Aviation Administration, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Region 9, U.S. Office of Insular Affairs, U.S. Department of Agriculture, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, and U.S. Air Force.