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This guidance note provides review and recommendations for how the protective services of mangroves and coral reefs can be measured and valued in a manner consistent with national economic accounts and included in other decision-making processes to support planning for development, disaster risk, and coastal zone management. It synthesizes evidence of the role mangroves (Chapter 2) and coral reefs (Chapter 3) play in coastal protection and risk reduction. It also reviews the tools and approaches commonly used by ecologists, economists and engineers for estimating the coastal protection services of coastal habitats (Chapter 4). Moreover, it examines how the valuations of these coastal protection services can be considered in the System of Environmental Economic Accounts (SEEA), the satellite accounts to the System of National Accounts (SNA) (Chapter 5). In addition, the note examines where the coastal protection role of reefs and mangroves has been used in management decisions from local to national scales (Chapter 6). Finally, it provides recommendations for advancing the assessment and the use of coastal protection values from coral reefs and mangroves in national and regional decisions (Chapter 7).

The report covers the carbon funds, facilities, and financial products managed by the World Bank Group between January 1, 2014 and December 31, 2014.

The Climate Change and Development Series was created in 2015 to showcase economic and scientific research that explores the interactions between climate change, climate policies, and development. The series aims to promote debate and broaden under-standing of current and emerging questions about the climate-development nexus through evidence-based analysis.

And advance brief from the State and Trends of Carbon Pricing 2015 report, to be released late 2015

This report follows the evolution of carbon pricing around the world. Last year's report mapped the main carbon pricing initiatives. This year, the report presents the status of each of these developing initiatives and explores the emerging trends of carbon pricing. The focus is on the recent highlights from around the world, and on key lessons that can be drawn from the growing experience.

This memo introduces a report that you may find useful and interesting. Focusing on preventing death and destruction from “natural” disasters, it concludes that governments can appreciably increase prevention. The good news is that prevention is often cost-effective. It requires many actions, and some important ones are under government control. But they are not always obvious. Improving the public delivery of some services, like reliable public transport, allows people to move from unsafe areas close to work to safer locations. Reducing deforestation prevents heavy rains from washing mud, rock, and debris into populated areas. This report suggests how such measures and related spending could be identifi ed and made effective.

The World Bank's mission is to alleviate poverty and support sustainable development. Climate change is a serious environmental challenge that could undermine these goals. Since the Industrial Revolution, the mean surface temperature of Earth has increased an average 2 degrees celsius due to the accumulation of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.

This manual is intended for SLM stakeholders in LDCs and SIDS and their advisors. This includes public servants and officials, programme managers, public and private decision makers, experts and academia as well as NGOs, associations and individuals involved in various sectors, including: agriculture, forestry, tourism, energy, extractive industries, infrastructure development, fire management, drought and coastal management. This also includes local stakeholders directly involved in land management (farmers, communities) as well as stakeholders involved in setting up legal and economic frameworks as well as the multiplicity of policies that exert a direct or indirect influence on land management nationwide. From the parcel of land to the capitals, a myriad of stakeholders intervene on land management issues. Developing their individual and collective capacity to understand and implement SLM is the purpose of this manual.

World Bank Country Study Reports are among the many reports originally prepared for internal use as part of the continuing analysis by the Bank of the economic and related conditions of its developing member countries and of its dialogues with the governments. Some of the reports are published in this series with the least possible delay of the use of the governments and the academic, business and financial, and development communities. The typescript of this paper therefore has not been prepared in accordance with the procedures appropriate to formal printed texts, and the World Bank accepts no responsibility for errors. Some sources cited in this paper may be informal documents that are not readily available.