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An increase in sea surface temperature is evident at all latitudes and in all oceans. The current understanding is that ocean warming plays a major role in intensified cyclone activity and heightened storm surges. The vulnerability of coastlines to intensified storm surges can be ascertained by overlaying Geographic Information System information with data on land, population c density, agriculture, urban extent, major cities, wetlands, and gross domestic product for inundation zones likely to experience more intense storms and a 1 meter sealevel rise. The results show severe impacts are likely to be limited to a relatively small number of countries and a cluster of large cities at the low end of the international income distribution.

Ecosystem-based Adaptation (EbA) is an integrated and strategic response to the challenges of sustainable development. It addresses climate targets, while also providing solutions around other issues such as food security and biodiversity conservation. Notwithstanding its increasing familiarity projects that could be characterised as “pure” EbA are still few and far between. Instead, the term is often used to describe a broad variety of interventions that seek to link climate adaptation and natural resource management.